Method and system for moving status detection for a sensor apparatus

ABSTRACT

A method at a sensor apparatus, the method including calculating a value for a target function based on at least one sensor of the sensor apparatus; determining that the value of the target function is within a defined threshold range for a defined time period, thereby finding an in-flight state for the sensor apparatus; and turning off transmission from a radio of the sensor apparatus based on the in-flight state.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to the transportation of goods, and inparticular relates to sensor apparatuses for the transportation ofgoods.

BACKGROUND

During the transportation of goods, a sensor apparatus may be affixed toa shipping container. For example, such shipping container may include avehicle, transportation container, transportation box, aviation box,consumer luggage, among other options. The sensor apparatus may be usedfor fleet management, cargo monitoring, cargo status detection, amongother options.

The sensor apparatus may be equipped with a variety of sensors or allowcommunication with a variety of sensors. Examples of such sensors mayinclude, but are not limited to, location sensors such as a GlobalNavigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes,temperature sensors, light sensors, door opening sensors, AutomaticDependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) receiver, among other options.A communication system on the sensor apparatus may allow communicationof sensor data from the sensor apparatus to a network based server.

However, if a container is ever to be transported by air, it isimportant that the sensor apparatus knows when the container is airbornein order to turn off communication functionality on the sensorapparatus. In particular, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inthe United States has regulations prohibiting communications equipmentfrom operating when an aircraft is airborne. Similar regulations existin other jurisdictions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be better understood with reference to thedrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is block diagram showing an example sensor apparatus;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example environment for theoperation of the sensor apparatus of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a state diagram for states and transitions between states forthe sensor apparatus;

FIG. 4 is a process diagram for transitions from the stopped state;

FIG. 5 is a process diagram for transitions from a flying state;

FIG. 6 is a process diagram for transitions from a ground moving state;

FIG. 7 is a plot of target function values while transporting a shippingcontainer associated with the sensor apparatus using groundtransportation;

FIG. 8 is a plot of target function values while transporting a shippingcontainer associated with the sensor apparatus in-flight; and

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example computing device capable ofbeing used in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides a method at a sensor apparatus, themethod comprising: calculating a value for a target function based on atleast one sensor of the sensor apparatus; determining that the value ofthe target function is within a defined threshold range for a definedtime period, thereby finding an in-flight state for the sensorapparatus; and turning off transmission from a radio of the sensorapparatus based on the in-flight state.

The present disclosure further provides a sensor apparatus comprising: aprocessor; and a communications subsystem, wherein the sensor apparatusis configured to: calculate a value for a target function based on atleast one sensor of the sensor apparatus; determine that the value ofthe target function is within a defined threshold range for a definedtime period, thereby finding an in-flight state for the sensorapparatus; and turn off transmission from a radio at the communicationssubsystem of the sensor apparatus based on the in-flight state.

The present disclosure further provides a computer readable medium forstoring instruction code, which, when executed by a processor on asensor apparatus cause the sensor apparatus to: calculate a value for atarget function based on at least one sensor of the sensor apparatus;determine that the value of the target function is within a definedthreshold range for a defined time period, thereby finding an in-flightstate for the sensor apparatus; and turn off transmission from a radioat the communications subsystem of the sensor apparatus based on thein-flight state.

In the transportation of shipping containers, it is important todetermine when a trailer or box is in flight, since radio transmissionsfrom the sensor apparatus need to be turned off due to FAA regulationsor other similar regulations under specific conditions. Existingapparatuses do not provide accurate estimations of in-flight status, andalso have difficulties to differentiate an in-flight status from ageneral moving status. For example, it is difficult to determine whetherthe sensor apparatus is in flight or moving on a highway. For example,even relying on an altitude may not be sufficient to determine whetherthe container is in flight depending on location.

Therefore, in accordance with the embodiments described below,algorithms are provided which will detect in-flight status based ongenerally available sensor data, such as measurement data fromaccelerometers and in some embodiments from gyroscopic sensors.

Sensor systems may be included on the vehicle or shipping containers fora variety of reasons. For example, a plurality of sensor apparatuses mayoperate remotely from a central monitoring station to provide remotesensor data to a management or monitoring hub. One sensor systeminvolves fleet management or cargo management systems. In fleetmanagement or cargo management systems, sensors may be placed on atrailer, shipping container or similar product to provide a centralstation with information regarding the container. Such information mayinclude, but is not limited to, information concerning the currentlocation of the trailer or shipping container, the temperature insidethe shipping container or trailer, operational parameters such as tirepressure, noise level or engine temperature, that the doors on theshipping container or trailer are closed, whether a sudden accelerationor deceleration event has occurred, the tilt angle of the trailer orshipping container, among other data.

In other embodiments the sensor apparatus may be secured to a vehicleitself. As used herein, the term vehicle can include any motorizedvehicle such as a truck, tractor, car, boat, motorcycle, snow machine,aircraft such as an airplane, helicopter, airship, blimp, among others,and can further include a trailer, shipping container or other suchcargo moving container, whether attached to a motorized vehicle or not.

In other embodiments, the sensor apparatus may be secured to a containerfor moving items, such as a shipping box, parcel, luggage, among otheroptions.

In accordance with the embodiments described herein, a sensor apparatusmay be any apparatus or computing device that is capable of providingdata or information from sensors associated with the sensor apparatus toa central monitoring or control station. Sensors associated with thesensor apparatus may either be physically part of the sensor apparatus,for example a built-in global positioning system (GPS) chipset, or maybe associated with the sensor apparatus through short range wired orwireless communications. For example, a sensor may provide informationthrough a Bluetooth™ Low Energy (BLE) signal from the sensor to thesensor apparatus. In other cases, a camera may be part of the sensorapparatus or may communicate with a sensor apparatus through wired orwireless technologies. Other examples of sensors are possible.

A central monitoring station may be any server or combination of serversthat are remote from the sensor apparatus. The central monitoringstation can receive data from a plurality of sensor apparatuses.

One sensor apparatus is shown with regard to FIG. 1. The sensorapparatus of FIG. 1 is however merely an example and other mobiledevices could equally be used in accordance with the embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which shows an example sensor apparatus110. Sensor apparatus 110 can be any computing device or network node.Such computing device or network node may include any type of electronicdevice, including but not limited to, mobile devices such as smartphonesor cellular telephones. Examples can further include fixed or mobiledevices, such as internet of things devices, endpoints, home automationdevices, medical equipment in hospital or home environments, inventorytracking devices, environmental monitoring devices, energy managementdevices, infrastructure management devices, vehicles or devices forvehicles, fixed electronic devices, among others.

Sensor apparatus 110 comprises a processor 120 and at least onecommunications subsystem 130, where the processor 120 and communicationssubsystem 130 cooperate to perform the methods of the embodimentsdescribed herein. Communications subsystem 130 may, in some embodiments,comprise multiple subsystems, for example for different radiotechnologies.

Communications subsystem 130 allows sensor apparatus 110 to communicatewith other devices or network elements. Communications subsystem 130 mayuse one or more of a variety of communications types, including but notlimited to cellular, satellite, Bluetooth™, Bluetooth™ Low Energy,Wi-Fi, wireless local area network (WLAN), ADS-B, near fieldcommunications (NFC), ZigBee, wired connections such as Ethernet orfiber, among other options.

As such, a communications subsystem 130 for wireless communications willtypically have one or more receivers and transmitters, as well asassociated components such as one or more antenna elements, localoscillators (LOs), and may include a processing module such as a digitalsignal processor (DSP). As will be apparent to those skilled in thefield of communications, the particular design of the communicationsubsystem 130 will be dependent upon the communication network orcommunication technology on which the sensor apparatus is intended tooperate.

If communications subsystem 130 operates over a cellular connection, asubscriber identity module (SIM) 132 may be provided to allow suchcommunication. SIM 132 may be a physical card or may be virtual. In someembodiments SIM 132 may also be referred to as a universal subscriberidentity module (USIM), as merely an identity module (IM), or as anembedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card (eUICC), among other options.

Processor 120 generally controls the overall operation of the sensorapparatus 110 and is configured to execute programmable logic, which maybe stored, along with data, using memory 140. Memory 140 can be anytangible, non-transitory computer readable storage medium, including butnot limited to optical (e.g., CD, DVD, etc.), magnetic (e.g., tape),flash drive, hard drive, or other memory known in the art.

Alternatively, or in addition to memory 140, sensor apparatus 110 mayaccess data or programmable logic from an external storage medium, forexample through communications subsystem 130.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, sensor apparatus 110 may utilize aplurality of sensors, which may either be part of sensor apparatus 110in some embodiments or may communicate with sensor apparatus 110 inother embodiments. For internal sensors, processor 120 may receive inputfrom a sensor subsystem 150.

Examples of sensors in the embodiment of FIG. 1 include a positioningsensor 151, a vibration sensor 152, a temperature sensor 153, one ormore image sensors 154, accelerometers 155, light sensors 156,gyroscopic sensors 157, and other sensors 158. Other sensors may be anysensor that is capable of reading or obtaining data that may be usefulfor sensor apparatus 110. In other cases, the sensors may be external tothe sensor apparatus 110 and communicate with sensor apparatus usingcommunications subsystem 130. One such sensor is shown as sensor 160.

However, the sensors shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1 are merelyexamples, and in other embodiments different sensors or a subset ofsensors shown in FIG. 1 may be used. For example, in one embodiment ofthe present disclosure, only accelerometers or gyroscopic sensors areprovided.

The positioning sensor may use a positioning subsystem such as a GlobalNavigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver which may be, for example, aGlobal Positioning System (GPS) receiver (e.g. in the form of a chip orchipset) for receiving GPS radio signals transmitted from orbiting GPSsatellites. References herein to “GPS” are meant to include Assisted GPSand Aided GPS. Although the present disclosure refers expressly to the“Global Positioning System”, it should be understood that this term andits abbreviation “GPS” are being used expansively to include any GNSS orsatellite-based navigation-signal broadcast system, and would thereforeinclude other systems used around the world including the Beidou(COMPASS) system being developed by China, the multi-national Galileosystem being developed by the European Union, in collaboration withChina, Israel, India, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and South Korea, Russia'sGLONASS system, India's proposed Regional Navigational Satellite System(IRNSS), and Japan's proposed QZSS regional system.

Another sort of positioning subsystem may be used as well, e.g. aradiolocation subsystem that determines its current location usingradiolocation techniques. In other words, the location of the device canbe determined using triangulation of signals from in-range base towers,such as used for Wireless E911. Wireless Enhanced 911 services enable acell phone or other wireless device to be located geographically usingradiolocation techniques such as (i) angle of arrival (AOA) whichentails locating the caller at the point where signals from two towersintersect; (ii) time difference of arrival (TDOA), which usesmultilateration like GPS, except that the networks determine the timedifference and therefore the distance from each tower; and (iii)location signature, which uses “fingerprinting” to store and recallpatterns (such as multipath) which mobile phone signals exhibit atdifferent locations in each cell. A Wi-Fi™ Positioning System (WPS) mayalso be used as a positioning subsystem. Radiolocation techniques, WPS,and/or ADS-B may also be used in conjunction with GPS in a hybridpositioning system

Further, the sensor apparatus 110 of FIG. 1 may, in some embodiments,act as a gateway, and may communicate with other sensor apparatuses (notshown) on the trailer, where the other sensor apparatuses may act ashubs for a subset of the sensors on the vehicle or trailer.

Communications between the various elements of sensor apparatus 110 maybe through an internal bus 170 in one embodiment. However, other formsof communication are possible.

Sensor apparatus 110 may be affixed to any fixed or portable platform.For example, sensor apparatus 110 may be affixed to shipping containers,truck trailers, truck cabs in one embodiment. In other embodiments,sensor apparatus 110 may be affixed to any vehicle, including motorvehicles (e.g., automobiles, cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.),aircraft (e.g., airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aircraftsystems, drones, helicopters, etc.), spacecraft (e.g., spaceplanes,space shuttles, space capsules, space stations, satellites, etc.),watercraft (e.g., ships, boats, hovercraft, submarines, etc.), railedvehicles (e.g., trains and trams, etc.), and other types of vehiclesincluding any combinations of any of the foregoing, whether currentlyexisting or after arising, among others.

In other examples, sensor apparatus 110 could be carried by a user.

Such sensor apparatus 110 may be a power limited device. For examplesensor apparatus 110 could be a battery operated device that can beaffixed to a shipping container or trailer in some embodiments. Otherlimited power sources could include any limited power supply, such as asmall generator or dynamo, a fuel cell, solar power, among otheroptions.

In other embodiments, sensor apparatus 110 may utilize external power,for example from the engine of a tractor pulling the trailer, from aland power source for example on a plugged in recreational vehicle orfrom a building power supply, among other options.

External power may further allow for recharging of batteries to allowthe sensor apparatus 110 to then operate in a power limited mode again.Recharging methods may also include other power sources, such as, butnot limited to, solar, electromagnetic, acoustic or vibration charging.

The sensor apparatus from FIG. 1 may be used in a variety ofenvironments. One example environment in which the sensor apparatus maybe used is shown with regard to FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 2, three sensor apparatuses, namely sensor apparatus210, sensor apparatus 212, and sensor apparatus 214 are provided.

In the example of FIG. 2, sensor apparatus 210 may communicate through acellular base station 220 or through an access point 222. Access point222 may be any wireless communication access point. For example, accesspoint 222 may be a WiFi router or a private router network. Also, aprivate router network may have a path from the access point name (APN)to a server, and may reduce network latency based on a location of thesensor apparatus in some embodiments.

Further, in some embodiments, sensor apparatus 210 could communicatethrough a wired access point such as Ethernet or fiber, among otheroptions.

The communication may then proceed over a wide area network such asInternet 230 and proceed to servers 240 or 242.

Similarly, sensor apparatus 212 and sensor apparatus 214 may communicatewith servers 240 or server 242 through one or both of the base station220 or access point 222, among other options for such communication.

In other embodiments, any one of sensors 210, 212 or 214 may communicatethrough satellite communication technology. This, for example, may beuseful if the sensor apparatus is travelling to areas that are outsideof cellular coverage or access point coverage.

In other embodiments, sensor apparatus 212 may be out of range of accesspoint 222, and may communicate with sensor apparatus 210 to allow sensorapparatus 210 to act as a relay for communications.

Communication between sensor apparatus 210 and server 240 may be onedirectional or bidirectional. Thus, in one embodiment sensor apparatus210 may provide information to server 240 but server 240 does notrespond. In other cases, server 240 may issue commands to sensorapparatus 210 but data may be stored internally on sensor apparatus 210until the sensor apparatus arrives at a particular location. In othercases, two-way communication may exist between sensor apparatus 210 andserver 240.

A server, central server, processing service, endpoint, Uniform ResourceIdentifier (URI), Uniform Resource Locator (URL), back-end, and/orprocessing system may be used interchangeably in the descriptionsherein. The server functionality typically represents dataprocessing/reporting that are not closely tied to the location ofmovable image capture apparatuses 210, 212, 214, etc. For example, theserver may be located essentially anywhere so long as it has networkaccess to communicate with image capture apparatuses 210, 212, 214, etc.

Server 240 may, for example, be a fleet management centralizedmonitoring station. In this case, server 240 may receive informationfrom sensor apparatuses associated with various trailers or cargocontainers, providing information such as the location of such cargocontainers, the temperature within such cargo containers, systeminformation such as pressure or vibration sensor readings, any unusualevents including sudden decelerations, temperature warnings when thetemperature is either too high or too low, among other data. The server240 may compile such information and store it for future reference. Itmay further alert an operator. For example, entry of the vehicle into arestricted geofenced area may provide a warning to operators.

Other examples of functionality for server 240 are possible.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, servers 240 and 242 may further have accessto third-party information or information from other servers within thenetwork. For example, a data services provider 250 may provideinformation to server 240. Similarly, a data repository or database 260may also provide information to server 240.

For example, data services provider 250 may be a subscription basedservice used by server 240 to obtain current weather conditions.

Data repository or database 260 may for example provide information suchas image data associated with a particular location, aerial maps, lowlatency access point names, virtual SIM information, or other suchinformation.

The types of information provided by data service provider 250 or thedata repository or database 260 is not limited to the above examples andthe information provided could be any data useful to server 240.

In some embodiments, information from data service provider 250 or thedata repository from database 260 can be provided to one or more ofsensor apparatuses 210, 212, or 214 for processing at those sensorapparatuses.

Utilizing the system from FIGS. 1 and 2 above, cargo monitoring systemsare enabled. However, as indicated above, the sensor apparatus may needto turn off wireless transmission for communications when the containeror cargo box associated with the sensor apparatus is in flight due toFAA regulations or other similar regulations. Further, communicationfunctionality should be restored when the container or cargo box is backon the ground or below a certain altitude.

In accordance with the embodiments described below, in one alternative,a sensor apparatus will have access to output provided accelerometers.For example, in one case the sensor apparatus would have access to threeaccelerometers, one for each of the x, y, and z directions respectively.It is assumed that the signals provided by the accelerometers are alwaysavailable. Further, in some embodiments below, the sensor apparatus willhave access to outputs from three gyroscopic sensors, one for each ofthe x, y, and z directions respectively.

In accordance with a first embodiment of the present disclosure, thesensor apparatus and cargo box or container that the sensor apparatus isassociated with can be in one of three states. Specifically, referenceis now made to FIG. 3. As seen in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the sensorapparatus may be in a stopped state 310. In the stopped state, the cargobox or container with the sensor apparatus is motionless. For example,this could be the state in which the cargo box or container is waitingto be loaded onto a vehicle such as a truck or airplane. It may furtherinclude the period where the airplane is on the runway waiting to taxior take off. It may further include other instances where the cargo boxor container is being stored for delivery, for example in a truck yardor in a warehouse. Other examples are possible.

The sensor apparatus may further be in a flying state 312. The flyingstate 312 is when the cargo box or container and associated sensorapparatus is on a flying airplane or aircraft.

The sensor apparatus may further be in a moving on the ground state 314.The moving on the ground state may include moving in a truck, on a ship,when the airplane is taxiing among other options, but exclude moving ina flying airplane or aircraft.

From the embodiment of FIG. 3, a cargo box or container with the sensorapparatus may for example start in a state 310. The transitions possiblefrom state 310 include staying in state 310 or transitioning to state312 or state 314. The transition conditions for transitioning to suchstates are described below.

Similarly, from state 312, the sensor apparatus may stay in a state 312,or transition to state 310.

From state 314, the sensor apparatus may stay in state 314 or maytransition to state 310. Typically, a transition from state 314 directlyto state 312 would not be possible. However, in the embodiment of FIG.3, a state transition from state 314 to state 312 is provided to allowfor a fast transition between states 314 and state 312 if it iserroneously detected that the sensor apparatus is in state 314 when itshould be in state 312.

Such states transitions are, for example, illustrated in Table 1 below,which shows an “x” for the possible states transitions.

TABLE 1 State Transitions New State Old State State 310 State 312 State314 State 310 x x x State 312 x x N/A State 314 x x x

Thus, as seen in Table 1 above, the state transition from state 312 tostate 314 is not possible in accordance with the state diagram of FIG.3.

Based on FIG. 3 and Table 1 above, several observations may be made.First, if the sensor apparatus is in state 312, then for the next state,the sensor apparatus only needs to check whether the state is unchangedor whether the state has changed to stopped state 310. No check needs tobe made whether the sensor apparatus has changed from state 312 to state314.

A second observation is that when the sensor apparatus is in state 312,this state status does not need to be checked at every following samplemoment. Instead, detection may be stopped and then resumed after acertain skipped time duration.

A third observation is that if the sensor apparatus is in state 314 fora moving ground vehicle, then a check needs to be made whether the stateis unchanged, whether the state is changed to stop state 310, or whetherthe state is changed to the flying state 312. Detection should beperformed at every sampling moment whenever the sensor apparatus is instate 314.

A fourth observation is that when the sensor apparatus is in state 310,a check needs to be made whether the state is unchanged, changed tostate 312 for a moving airplane, or changed to state 314 for a movingtruck or ground vehicle. Detection should be performed at every samplingmoment whenever the sensor apparatus is in state 310.

In one alternative, the states transitions may be determined based on adefined target function ƒ(k). The target function ƒ(k) is based on atleast one accelerometer or gyroscope, which is calculated at everysampling moment k.

In one example, the target function ƒ(k) is the summation of the movingvariance (MV) of three accelerometers mvACCE(k). This summation is shownas equation 1 below.ƒ(k)=mvACCE(k)=Σ_(i=1) ³mv_(acce) _(i) (k)  (1)

In equation 1 above, i equals 1, 2 and 3 for the x, y and z directionsrespectively.

In another example, ƒ(k) is a weighted summation of the moving varianceof the three accelerometers. This is shown as equation 2 below.ƒ(k)=Σ_(i=1) ³α(i)*mv_(acce) _(i) (k)  (2)

In equation 2 above, α(i) is a weighting factor for each of the threeaccelerometer outputs. Different weights could be given to the threeaccelerometer outputs corresponding to the x, y and z directionsrespectively. For examples, larger weights may be given to the x or zdirections.

In still a further embodiment, the target function ƒ(k) could be thesummation of the second order of difference of the moving variance ofthe three accelerometers.

Other examples of target functions are possible. In the presentdisclosure, the equation 1 target function will be used for illustrationpurposes. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the use ofthe equation 1 target function.

In some of the embodiments described below, the moving variance of thethree gyroscopic sensors mvGYRO(k) may also be used. However, the use ofsuch moving variance from gyroscopic sensors is optional since theoutput signals from the gyroscopic sensors may not always be available.For example, the gyroscopic sensors may only be turned on for a shortduration when necessary and, in this case, the moving variance from thegyroscopic sensors may only be available when such gyroscopic sensorsare turned on.

From State 310

In a first embodiment, the moving threshold from equation 1 above may beutilized. In this regard, a vehicle may start in state 310 and makedeterminations on transitions.

In the initial state 310 when the vehicle is stopped, for a time indexof k, where k is greater than zero, the following operations areperformed.

In particular, reference is now made to FIG. 4, which shows a processwhen the sensor apparatus is in a stopped state. The process of FIG. 4starts at block 410 and proceeds to block 412 in which a value for thetarget function ƒ(k) is calculated for the current k.

The process then proceeds to block 420 in which a check is made todetermine whether the calculated value for the target function fromblock 412 is less than a first threshold, denoted threshold1. If yes,the process then proceeds to block 422 in which the state remains as thestopped state.

From block 422 the process proceeds to block 424 in which the value of kis incremented to the next sampling moment by setting k=k+1. From block424 the process proceeds to block 430 and ends.

Conversely, from block 412, if the value of the target function isgreater than the first threshold, the process proceeds to block 440 inwhich a check is made to determine whether the value of the targetfunction is also greater than a second threshold, denoted threshold2,where threshold2>threshold1.

From block 440, if the value of the target function is greater than thesecond threshold then the process proceeds to block 442 in which thestate is changed to the ground moving state 314 from FIG. 3. The processthen proceeds to block 424 in which the next detection time period isincremented by one to indicate that in the ground moving state the checkis made at each sampling period. The process then proceeds to block 430and ends.

Conversely, from block 440, if the value of the target function is notgreater than the second threshold, this indicates that the value of thetarget function is between the first threshold and the second threshold.The process then proceeds to block 450.

At block 450, a check is made to determine whether the value of thetarget function falls between the two thresholds continuously andconsistently for an extended period. In particular, a check is madepursuant to equation 3.threshold1≤ƒ(k+i)≤threshold2  (3)

Where i in equation 3 is a duration from 1 to n1, wherein n1 is apositive integer corresponding to a predetermined time duration td1.

From block 450, if the value of the target function is not between thetwo thresholds for the extended time duration, then the process proceedsto block 452. At block 452, the process stays in the stopped state. Theprocess then proceeds to block 424 in which the sampling moment intervalis set to the next sampling moment. In particular, k=k+1 as shown atblock 424. From block 424 the process proceeds to block 430 and ends.

Conversely, if the value of the target function is between the twothresholds for the extended time duration, then in one embodiment thestate of the sensor apparatus is changed to the flying state 312 fromFIG. 3 above. Then, the next sampling moment is set to k=k+n3.

Optionally in another embodiment, if the value of the target function isbetween the two thresholds for the extended time duration, the processproceeds from block 450 to block 454. At block 454, the gyroscopicsensors on the sensor apparatus are turned on to start to calculate themoving variance of the gyroscopic sensors, denoted as mvGYRO.

Specifically, at block 454, a value for the moving variance for thegyroscopic sensors over an extended time period mvGYRO(k+i) iscalculated. In this case, i is a number from 1 to n2, and n2 is apositive integer corresponding to a predetermined time duration td2.

From block 454 the process proceeds to block 460 in which a check ismade to determine whether the value of the moving variance for thegyroscopic sensors for the extended time duration is less than or equalto a third threshold, denoted threshold3.

If the value of the moving variance of the gyroscopes for the extendedtime duration is less than or equal to the third threshold then theprocess proceeds from block 460 to block 462 in which the state of thesensor apparatus is changed to the flying state 312 from FIG. 3 above.

From block 462 the process proceeds to block 464 in which the samplingmay be changed from every period to a time duration n3. Therefore, thenext sampling moment is set to k=k+n3 at block 464.

From block 464 the process proceeds to block 430 and ends.

Conversely, if the value of the moving variance of the gyroscope is notconsistently and continuously less than or equal to the third thresholdfor the time duration, the process proceeds from block 460 to block 470in which the state is changed to the ground moving state 314 from FIG. 3above.

The process then proceeds to block 472 in which the next sampling momentis set to k=k+nn, where nn is a positive integer greater than or equalto one sampling moment representing a time duration td3.

From block 472 the process proceeds to block 430 and ends.

From State 312

In a further case, if the current state is the flying state 312 fromFIG. 3 above, then a state transition decision may be made in accordancewith FIG. 5. Reference is now made to FIG. 5.

The process of FIG. 5 starts at block 510 and proceeds to block 520 inwhich a check is made to determine whether the value of the targetfunction is less than the first threshold. If yes, then the processproceeds from block 520 to block 530 in which the state of the sensorapparatus is changed to the stopped state 310 from FIG. 3 above.

The process then proceeds to block 532 in which the next sampling momentis set to k=k+1.

From block 532 the process proceeds to block 540 and ends.

Conversely, if the value of the target function is greater than or equalto the first threshold, the process proceeds from block 520 to block 550in which the sensor apparatus stays in the same state, namely the flyingstate.

From block 550 the process proceeds to block 552 in which the nextsampling moment is set to k=k+n3.

From block 552 the process proceeds to block 540 and ends.

From State 314

In a further case, the previous state for the sensor apparatus may bethe ground moving vehicle state 314 from FIG. 3 above. In this case, theprocess for determining state transition is shown with regard to FIG. 6.

The process of FIG. 6 starts at block 610 and proceeds to block 620 inwhich a check is made to determine whether the value of the movingvariance for the accelerometers is between two thresholds consistentlyand continuously for an extended time duration. The extended timeduration is shown in the embodiment of the FIG. 6 with mvACCE(k+i),where i is an integer between 1 and n1.

If the determination at block 620 determines that the value of thetarget function is between the two thresholds for the time duration thenthe process proceeds to block 630 in which the state is changed toflying state 312 from FIG. 3 above.

From block 630 the process proceeds to block 632 in which the nextsampling moment is set to k=k+n3, where n3 is an integer representing atime duration.

From block 632 the process proceeds to block 640 and ends.

Conversely, from block 620, if the value of the target function is notbetween two thresholds for the time duration then the process proceedsto block 650. At block 650 a check is made to determine whether themoving variance for the accelerometers is less than a first thresholdfor a time duration, where the time duration is represented by i and iis a value from one to n1.

If the target function at block 650 is less than the threshold for thetime duration, the process proceeds from block 650 to block 652 in whichthe state is changed to the stopped state 310 from FIG. 3 above.

From block 652 the process proceeds to block 654 in which the nextsampling moment is set to k=k+1.

From block 654 the process proceeds to block 640 and ends.

Conversely, from block 650, if the value of the target function is notless than the first threshold for the time duration then the processproceeds to block 660 in which the sensor apparatus may stay in itscurrent state.

From block 660, the process proceeds to block 662 in which the nextsampling moment is set to k=k+1.

From block 662 the process proceeds to block 640 and ends.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 4 to 6 above, if the state transition isinto the flying state 312 then the radio subsystem of the sensorapparatus is turned off in order to ensure that aviation regulations arecomplied with. In some embodiments, prior to turning off the radio, anotification may be transmitted to a network element indicating that thesensor apparatus is transitioning to an in-flight state and that theradio transmission is being turned off.

Alternative Algorithms

While the determination of state transitions in FIG. 4 above include themoving variance for the gyroscopic sensors, in a first alternativeembodiment a determination may be based only on accelerometers and nogyroscopic sensors used. In this case, multiple threshold values may bedefined, namely threshold1, threshold2, threshold3 and threshold4.

In this case, the target function ƒ(k) is defined as the weightedsummation of the moving variance of the three accelerometers. Forexample, equation 2 above may be utilized.

In equation 2, α(i) is the weight given to the moving variance for eachof the three accelerometers. In one example, more weight may be given tothe X direction and Z direction than the Y direction.

Where the target function ƒ(k) is greater than a threshold1, which maybe a takeoff threshold and generally have a larger value, and the targetfunction ƒ(k+i) is greater than the threshold2, wherethreshold2<threshold1 for i=1, . . . K1 (take off confirm window), anin-flight status may be declared.

If the sensor apparatus is determined to be in-flight, when the targetfunction ƒ(k) is greater than threshold3 and ƒ(k+i) is less thanthreshold4 for i=1, . . . K2 (landing confirm window), a landing statusis declared.

In one example, K1 could be a relatively smaller value and thus have asmaller determining delay, while K2 could be a larger value, since it ismore important to promptly turn off the radio while it is generallyacceptable to turn on the radio with a larger delay but with a moreaccurate estimation.

In one embodiment, in order to further differentiate a moving vehiclefrom moving in the air, a second target function is defined inaccordance with the equation 4 below.ƒ₁(k)=sin⁻¹(√{square root over (x ² +y ²)}/9.8)  (4)

In equation 4 above, x and y represent the magnitude of theaccelerometer in the x and y direction respectively. If the value ofƒ₁(k) is greater than a fifth threshold, denoted as threshold5, duringthe takeoff confirm window, or the mean value over a pre-defined windowis greater than threshold5 during the takeoff confirm window, the“in-flight” status is determined. Otherwise, the “moving on ground”status is determined.

In another example, to avoid in-flight false alarms, after it isdetermined that the sensor apparatus is in flight, the algorithm mayperiodically re-test whether the target function ƒ(k) is greater thanthreshold2 during the takeoff confirm window.

After in-flight status is determined, in one embodiment allcommunications except communication between accelerometers and thesensor apparatus are turned off in order to save battery power. Theaccelerometers are used to determine whether the landing event hasoccurred. Prior to disabling such communication, in one embodiment anotification may be sent to a network element such as a fleet managementserver.

In another embodiment, after the in-flight status is determined, allirrelevant functionalities such as the functionality for door open orclose detection, among others, may be turned off.

In still a further alternative, algorithms may be combined. For example,in one embodiment at least two “inflight” detection methods may becombined, where in addition to any of the embodiments above, a secondmethod may include monitoring ADS-B messages corresponding to theaircraft or flying engine. The sensor apparatus may then select the mostconservative indication of ‘in flight’ status to turn the radios off oron.

Moving Variance

In the above, the moving variance may be determined through a variety oftechniques. One example is described below with regard to a first orderinfinite impulse response (IIR) filter. In this case, the movingvariance of a real number sequence X={x_(k)}, k=1, 2, . . . , n can becalculated as follows, denoting the moving variance of X as s={s_(k)},k=1, 2, . . . , n.

For the first time interval, in other words were k=1, equations 5a and5b below apply.x ₁ =x ₁  (5a)x ₁ ² =x ₁ ²  (5b)

In this case, the moving variance is denoted in equation 6 ass _(i)=0  (6)

In the case where k>1, then equations 7a and 7b apply.x _(k) =(1−α) x _(k-1) +αx _(k)  (7a)x _(k) ² =(1−α) x _(k-1) ² +αx _(k) ²  (7b)

In this case, the moving variance is calculated as equation 8 below.s _(k)= x _(k) ² −( x _(k))²  (8)

In equation 7a and 7b above, 0<α≤1 and α is the coefficient of the IIRfilter.

Testing

Utilizing equation 1 and the embodiments of FIGS. 4 to 6 above, varioustests were performed in the real world. In these tests, the IIRcoefficient was set to 0.04. Further, the threshold1 was set to 0.01,threshold2 was set to 3 and threshold3 was set to 20.

Further, the time durations in the embodiments of FIGS. 4 to 6 were setto 30, 3 and 300 respectively.

In one case where the sensor apparatus associated with the shippingcontainer was driven on the ground, the results were plotted as shown inFIG. 7. In this case, the MV values found were such that the state ofthe sensor apparatus was considered to be a ground vehicle moving statethroughout the trial. Therefore the radio of the sensor apparatusremained on.

In another case, the sensor apparatus was flown with the shippingcontainer between airports. The results were plotted as shown by FIG. 8.As seen by line 810, the radio was turned off when a successfulin-flight determination was made. Further, the radio was turned on againwhen a landing event occurred.

The above therefore provides for the use of a target function based onsensors associated with the sensor apparatus to make a determinationabout the state of the sensor apparatus. Specifically, if the targetfunction is between two determined thresholds this indicates anin-flight state and the sensor apparatus may therefore turn off itsradio.

A server such as servers 240, 242 or 250 may be any network node. Forexample, one simplified server that may perform the embodimentsdescribed above is provided with regards to FIG. 9.

In FIG. 9, server 910 includes a processor 920 and a communicationssubsystem 930, where the processor 920 and communications subsystem 930cooperate to perform the methods of the embodiments described herein.

The processor 920 is configured to execute programmable logic, which maybe stored, along with data, on the server 910, and is shown in theexample of FIG. 9 as memory 940. The memory 940 can be any tangible,non-transitory computer readable storage medium, such as optical (e.g.,CD, DVD, etc.), magnetic (e.g., tape), flash drive, hard drive, or othermemory known in the art. In one embodiment, processor 920 may also beimplemented entirely in hardware and not require any stored program toexecute logic functions.

Alternatively, or in addition to the memory 940, the server 910 mayaccess data or programmable logic from an external storage medium, forexample through the communications subsystem 930.

The communications subsystem 930 allows the server 910 to communicatewith other devices or network elements.

Communications between the various elements of the server 910 may bethrough an internal bus 960 in one embodiment. However, other forms ofcommunication are possible.

The embodiments described herein are examples of structures, systems ormethods having elements corresponding to elements of the techniques ofthis application. This written description may enable those skilled inthe art to make and use embodiments having alternative elements thatlikewise correspond to the elements of the techniques of thisapplication. The intended scope of the techniques of this applicationthus includes other structures, systems or methods that do not differfrom the techniques of this application as described herein, and furtherincludes other structures, systems or methods with insubstantialdifferences from the techniques of this application as described herein.

While operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order,this should not be understood as requiring that such operations beperformed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or thatall illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results.In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may beemployed. Moreover, the separation of various system components in theimplementation descried above should not be understood as requiring suchseparation in all implementations, and it should be understood that thedescribed program components and systems can generally be integratedtogether in a signal software product or packaged into multiple softwareproducts. In some cases, functions may be performed entirely in hardwareand such a solution may be the functional equivalent of a softwaresolution

Also, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described andillustrated in the various implementations as discrete or separate maybe combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, ormethods. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupledor communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled orcommunicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component,whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples ofchanges, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilledin the art and may be made.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout the fundamental novel features of the disclosure as applied tovarious implementations, it will be understood that various omissions,substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the systemillustrated may be made by those skilled in the art. In addition, theorder of method steps is not implied by the order they appear in theclaims.

When messages are sent to/from an electronic device, such operations maynot be immediate or from the server directly. They may be synchronouslyor asynchronously delivered, from a server or other computing systeminfrastructure supporting the devices/methods/systems described herein.The foregoing steps may include, in whole or in part,synchronous/asynchronous communications to/from thedevice/infrastructure. Moreover, communication from the electronicdevice may be to one or more endpoints on a network. These endpoints maybe serviced by a server, a distributed computing system, a streamprocessor, etc. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) may also provide mayprovide communication to an electronic device. For example, rather thana typical server response, the server may also provision or indicate adata for content delivery network (CDN) to await download by theelectronic device at a later time, such as a subsequent activity ofelectronic device. Thus, data may be sent directly from the server, orother infrastructure, such as a distributed infrastructure, or a CDN, aspart of or separate from the system.

Typically, storage mediums can include any or some combination of thefollowing: a semiconductor memory device such as a dynamic or staticrandom access memory (a DRAM or SRAM), an erasable and programmableread-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable and programmableread-only memory (EEPROM) and flash memory; a magnetic disk such as afixed, floppy and removable disk; another magnetic medium includingtape; an optical medium such as a compact disk (CD) or a digital videodisk (DVD); or another type of storage device. Note that theinstructions discussed above can be provided on one computer-readable ormachine-readable storage medium, or alternatively, can be provided onmultiple computer-readable or machine-readable storage media distributedin a large system having possibly plural nodes. Such computer-readableor machine-readable storage medium or media is (are) considered to bepart of an article (or article of manufacture). An article or article ofmanufacture can refer to any manufactured single component or multiplecomponents. The storage medium or media can be located either in themachine running the machine-readable instructions, or located at aremote site from which machine-readable instructions can be downloadedover a network for execution.

In the foregoing description, numerous details are set forth to providean understanding of the subject disclosed herein. However,implementations may be practiced without some of these details. Otherimplementations may include modifications and variations from thedetails discussed above. It is intended that the appended claims coversuch modifications and variations.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method at a sensor apparatus, the methodcomprising: calculating a value for a target function based on at leastone sensor of the sensor apparatus; determining that the value of thetarget function is within a defined threshold range for a defined timeperiod, the defined threshold range comprising a lower threshold and anupper threshold; in response to the determining, turning on at least onegyroscopic sensor; finding a moving variance based on the at least onegyroscopic sensor; verifying that the moving variance of the at leastone gyroscopic sensor is below a third threshold value for a seconddefined time period, thereby finding an inflight state for the sensorapparatus; and turning off transmission from a radio of the sensorapparatus based on the in-flight state.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the at least one sensor is at least one accelerometer, and thetarget function is a moving variance for the at least one accelerometer.3. The method of claim 2, wherein the moving variance for the at leastone accelerometer is weighted based on an orientation of the at leastone accelerometer.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the moving varianceis calculated using a first order infinite impulse response filter. 5.The method of claim 2, wherein the determining further comprisesdefining a second target function as and confirming that a value off₁(k) is greater than a further threshold during a takeoff confirmwindow; wherein x_(k) and y_(k) correspond to a magnitude of the atleast one accelerometer in the x and y directions respectively at amoment k.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the determining furthercomprises finding that the target function is less than a fourththreshold during a landing confirm window.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the sensor apparatus is a state selected from an in-flightstate; a stopped state; and a ground moving state.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the sensor apparatus is in the stopped state if thevalue of the target function is below a first threshold.
 9. The methodof claim 7, wherein the sensor apparatus is in the ground moving stateif the value of the target function is above a second threshold.
 10. Themethod of claim 7, wherein a next sampling moment is greater if thesensor apparatus is in the in-flight state than in the stopped state.11. The method of claim 1, wherein the defined threshold range isbetween a first threshold and a second threshold.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising disabling functionalities on the sensorapparatus not associated with determination of the target functionduring the in-flight state.
 13. A sensor apparatus comprising: aprocessor; and a communications subsystem, wherein the sensor apparatusis configured to: calculate a value for a target function based on atleast one sensor of the sensor apparatus; determine that the value ofthe target function is within a defined threshold range for a definedtime period, the defined threshold range comprising a lower thresholdand an upper threshold; in response to the determining, turn on at leastone gyroscopic sensor; find a moving variance based on the at least onegyroscopic sensor; verify that the moving variance of the at least onegyroscopic sensor is below a third threshold value for a second definedtime period, thereby finding an inflight state for the sensor apparatus;and turn off transmission from a radio at the communications subsystemof the sensor apparatus based on the in-flight state.
 14. The sensorapparatus of claim 13, wherein the at least one sensor is at least oneaccelerometer, and the target function is a moving variance for the atleast one accelerometer.
 15. The sensor apparatus of claim 14, whereinthe moving variance for the at least one accelerometer is weighted basedon an orientation of the at least one accelerometer.
 16. The sensorapparatus of claim 14, wherein the moving variance is calculated using afirst order infinite impulse response filter.
 17. The sensor apparatusof claim 13, wherein the sensor apparatus is a state selected from anin-flight state; a stopped state; and a ground moving state.
 18. Anon-transitory computer readable medium for storing instruction code,which, when executed by a processor on a sensor apparatus cause thesensor apparatus to: calculate a value for a target function based on atleast one sensor of the sensor apparatus; determine that the value ofthe target function is within a defined threshold range for a definedtime period, the defined threshold range comprising a lower thresholdand an upper threshold; in response to the determining, turn on at leastone gyroscopic sensor; find a moving variance based on the at least onegyroscopic sensor; verify that the moving variance of the at least onegyroscopic sensor is below a third threshold value for a second definedtime period, thereby finding an inflight state for the sensor apparatus;and turn off transmission from a radio at the communications subsystemof the sensor apparatus based on the in-flight state.